AR

AR, or androgen receptor, alias nuclear receptor subtype 1 (NR3C4), testicular receptor, prostate receptor, etc. It is a steroid hormone receptor belonging to the nuclear receptor superfamily. It is a steroid hormone receptor belonging to the nuclear receptor superfamily, encoded by its own gene in human cells, and binds to molecular chaperones, such as heat shock proteins, in an inactive form in the cytoplasm.The mechanism of action of the AR is mainly through binding to androgens (e.g., testosterone and dihydrotestosterone), undergoing a conformational change, dissociating the molecular chaperone, forming a dimer, and transferring it to the nucleus, where it binds to the Androgen Response Element on DNA ( ARE), which binds to the androgen response element ( ARE) on DNA and regulates the transcription of downstream genes. In addition, AR can also activate signaling pathways such as MAPK/ERK, PI3K/AKT, etc. through rapid non-genomic mechanisms.

AR has a wide range of biological significance, and it plays important roles in the development of sex characteristics, the reproductive system, muscle, bone, cardiovascular, skin, and the nervous system.The activation of AR signaling pathway has an important impact on the processes of cell proliferation, differentiation, metabolism and apoptosis. effects on cell proliferation, differentiation, metabolism and apoptosis. In terms of disease, the abnormal function of AR is associated with a variety of diseases, especially the development of prostate cancer, in which the sustained activation of the AR signaling pathway is a key factor in the progression of prostate cancer. In addition, AR has a role in other types of cancer (e.g., breast cancer, liver cancer, etc.) and is an important target in cancer therapy. Therefore, the study of AR contributes to an in-depth understanding of the pathogenesis of related diseases and provides a scientific basis for the development of new therapeutic strategies.